Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. Distribution. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20232. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Moreover, the accuracy and validity of the evolutionary rate has been independently confirmed in several deep-rooted Hutterite pedigrees.34 Furthermore pedigree rate-based estimates cannot be substantiated, as they are often inconsistent with dateable archeological knowledge, for example, as clearly illustrated regarding the peopling of the Americas.35 Coalescent times based on 10 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461-TAGA counts) and the median haplotypes of specific hg G sub-haplogroups are presented in Supplementary Table S4. A subset of 693 samples was typed for short tandem repeats of Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) using the 17 STR markers in the Applied Biosystems AmpFlSTR Yfiler Kit according to manufacturer recommendations. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d. We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. 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They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 ( G2a2b2a, [2] formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. Nonetheless, our approach using high-resolution phylogenetic relationships as well as their phylogeography to infer the possible origin of a genetic variant provides a more plausible deduction than simply the region of highest frequency. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Several G-PF3359 subclades, based on shared STR markers, probably exist. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. New insights into the Tyrolean Icemans origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. Here we address this issue with a phylogeographic overview of the distribution of informative G sub-clades from South/Mediterranean Europe, Near/Middle East, the Caucasus and Central/South Asia. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. This group has been linked with the Crypto-Jewish population which fled to the island during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, of which a significant portion are identifiable as G-Z725 (DYS388=13). The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. and JavaScript. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. Its estimated Td of 120953000 years ago suggests considerable antiquity allowing time to accumulate STR diversity and also to disperse relatively widely. (Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. . Herein . Moreover, these general frequencies mostly consist of two notable lineages. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. Article So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 141149. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out to assess the presence/absence of clines regarding informative G sub-haplogroups. Google Scholar. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. In Egypt, studies have provided information that pegs the G percentage there to be between 2% and 9%. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F et al. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. [citation needed] The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al.