Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 (Approved Lists 1980) and Klebsiella mobilis Bascomb et al. 28(3):258-61. According to Infectious Disease Physicians, 2002
Enterobacter strains commonly arise from the endogenous intestinal flora of hospitalized patients but can occur in common source outbreaks or are spread from patient to patient. 13(2):49-53. Enterobacter cancerogenus ("Enterobacter taylorae") infections associated with severe trauma or crush injuries. [Medline]. Infect Control. A report of Enterobacter spp. cloacae, with numerous O- and H-types currently recognized. 1971 (Approved Lists 1980). Fermentation by Enterobacter species is more limited when compared to some Klebsiella species. Strains of C. koseri that possess the 32 kD proteins are more likely to cause a central nervous system abscess or ventriculitis, and are less likely to cause bacteremia, meningitis, or death in a rat pup model. J Chemother. Clin Infect Dis. Identification and treatment of infections in multiply traumatized patients. Chow JW, Satishchandran V, Snyder TA, et al. 53(6):1090-4. [Medline]. Am J Infect Control. Intravenous colistin sulphomethate sodium for therapy of infections due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. These organisms frequently colonize the skin and respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal tracts of hospitalized patients. 59 (3):1802-5. Zhang R, Cai JC, Zhou HW, Nasu M, Chen GX. [Medline]. J Antimicrob Chemother. 63(4):353-65. Alhambra A, Cuadros JA, Cacho J, et al. 39(3):309-17. With the exception of the P. agglomerans group organisms, most isolates have ornithine decarboxylase activity. Kaye KS, Cosgrove S, Harris A, et al. Kang CI, Kim SH, Park WB, et al. It may also be isolated in meat, hospital environments, and on the skin of man as a commensal. [Medline]. Mushtaq S, Ge Y, Livermore DM. A number of newly named species (formerly included in the E. cloacae group) are difficult to differentiate by biochemical test methods.1–5 Organisms formerly classified as E. sakazakii comprised a diverse group and are renamed as Cronobacter spp., which comprise at least seven named species, of which C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus are most frequently isolated from human infections. Pintado V, San Miguel LG, Grill F, et al. Clinical significance. [Medline]. 2000 Jun. Enterobacter strains differ from Serratia strains in being sensitive to the polymyxins. Using the enzymes beta-galactosidase and beta-galactoside permeases, the most frequently encountered species of Enterobacter strains activate the pH indicator (neutral red) included in MacConkey agar, giving a pink or red stain to the growing colonies. 2012 Apr. also accounted for 15% of all gram-negative BSIs in children in Israel.20 An outbreak of E. gergoviae among adult kidney transplant recipients was associated with a common source of contamination, which was presumed to be urinary catheters or stents.21, An endogenous source of Enterobacter spp. On MacConkey agar lactose fermentation results in a red colour. The strain of bacteria is identified when using MacConkey Agar. J Clin Microbiol. Diseases & Conditions, 2002
Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae: considerations for diagnosis, prevention and drug treatment. [Full Text]. [Medline]. Some E. cloaceae strains possess low-molecular weight, heat-stable, and heat-labile enterotoxin Klipstein and Engert (1976) sufficient to cause diarrhea. Cunha BA. Most isolates of Cronobacter spp. The best way is to perform a subculture procedure and do confirmation test for final identification. 148(1):18-23. [Medline]. Enterobacter cloacae is the most frequently isolated Enterobacter species from humans and animals. 2016. A new Phenotypic Test for the Detection of Carbapenemases - The Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method (mCIM). Isolated from food, one reported case of nosocomial urosepsis. 39(6):1211-33. In common with certain strains of Klebsiella, they express type 1 and type 3 fimbriae. All Enterobacter species are found in water, sewage, soil, and vegetables. Int J Antimicrob Agents. [Medline]. Emergence in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates of the VIM-4 metallo-beta-lactamase encoded by a conjugative plasmid. Commercial or conventional biochemical identification systems usually perform well for identifying and differentiating E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, P. agglomerans, and Cronobacter spp., but the other species present a greater challenge and are not all represented in the databases of commercial systems. 10(2):220-41. Pantoea agglomerans, formerly known as Enterobacter agglomerans, is also a common isolate and is grouped with the Enterobacter spp. It has the uninoculated plate. [Medline]. What Is the Risk of Catching the Coronavirus on a Plane? Ironically, it is also a differential medium because it has the ability to differentiate different groups of bacteria based on the color change reaction. Pharmacotherapy. Endotoxins are not secreted, but are released when the cells are disrupted. Drugs. Enterobacter usually have a negative methyl-red test, a positive Voges-Proskauer test, can use citrate as a carbon source, can grow in Moller's KCN medium at 30 °C, and are ornithine positive, although ‘Enterobacter agglomerans complex’ is ornithine decarboxylase negative (Abbott, 2007). Infection and antibiotic therapy in 4000 burned patients treated in Milan, Italy, between 1976 and 1988. 2005 Jul. 216845-overview
2005 Dec 12-26. [Medline]. Cunha BA. [Medline]. Enterobacter endophthalmitis: clinicomicrobiologic profile and outcomes. Antimicrobial susceptibility among Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex and Enterobacteriaceae collected as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial. and Pantoea spp. Instead, they will use peptone resulting in the formation of ammonia causing the pH to increase. Regional variations in multidrug resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in the USA and comparative activity of tigecycline, a new glycylcycline antimicrobial. Jiang X, Ni Y, Jiang Y, et al. [Medline]. 1977 Jun 9. Isolated from fruit powder, infant formula, and production environment. 1992. CLSI AST News Update. Enterobacter meningitis: organism susceptibilities, antimicrobial therapy and related outcomes. Pediatr Radiol. Enterobacter spp. Enterobacter are straight gram-negative bacilli (approximately 0.6–1μm x 1.2–3.0μm) that do not form spores, are facultative anaerobes, motile by way of peritrichous flagella (the exception being Enterobacter asburiae, which are non-motile), and may be encapsulated (Brenner and Farmer, 2005). cloacae is clinically the most important species. Am J Infect Control. Am J Med. [Medline]. There do not seem to be distinguishing characteristics among infections caused by E. cloacae and E. aerogenes. Enterobacter aerogenes, phenotypically very similar to E. gergoviae, has been identified in dairy products and water. They are the cause of various nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients.
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