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Anonymity permitted filmmakers to speak freely about situations that may have put them or their companies under uncomfortable scrutiny. For todays documentary filmmakers, it appears to grace a set of choices about narrative and purpose in the documentary. The informal basis upon which they operated also reflects the ambivalence they have about ceding control and their wish to preserve their own creative interests. Would you believe an interview with Dick Cheney if you knew he was paid a hefty honorarium? Where institutional standards and practices exist, as in the news divisions of some broadcast and cablecast networks, filmmakers felt helpfully guided by them. They may be encouraged to alter the story to pump up the excitement, the conflict, or the danger. Above all, Breyer said, accept that it's OK to walk away without a solution to the problems a film presents. So to use archival footage . . DidMighty Times: The Childrens Marchmisrepresent civil rights history through its use of both fabricated and repurposed archival evidence? The ongoing effort to strike a balance, and the negotiated nature of the relationship, was registered by Gordon Quinn: We say to our subjects, We are not journalists; we are going to spend years with you. By Justin Sayles Jul 9, 2021, 6:30am EDT. One of the most effective approaches for how to become a Subject Matter Expert in eLearning is to hone your skills. But even more valuable, Winter gives Zappa pride of place among the most important composers of the 20th century . I remember negotiating with a bigwig, he was in demand, he said hed like to do it, and requested a donation to a nonprofit. The subjective line between fact-finding and cinema is a conundrum critics recognize about Oppenheimers work even as they praise it. . I feel like I approached the subject differently. We consulted with [an] immigration attorney . If there's a lawyer on your company's payroll, they're the subject matter expert for anything legal. Joshua Oppenheimer, left, director of the Oscar-nominated documentary film The Act of Killing, poses with the films producer Signe Byrge Sorensen at a reception featuring the Oscar nominees in the Documentary Feature and Documentary Short Subject categories on Feb. 26, 2014, in Beverly Hills, Calif. A scene from Joshua Oppenheimers documentary The Look of Silence. Courtesy of Drafthouse Films and Participant Media. There are purists who would feel thats not right. Its become an easy thing to do to say that we dont pay. Maybe you cant. And it wasnt, so we had to take it out. For Grierson, who incessantly strategized to garner government resources for documentary film, the phrase had strategic advantages. The decision to share material in advance with subjects was, typically, an informal decision. Indeed, any subjects withdrawal of affection may result in denial of access to material in which the filmmakers have invested heavily. Twenty years later some people making a film about abortion wanted to use some of our footage to set the historical context of the times. . One said, If you add birds chirping to facilitate the story, the birds are inconsequential to the audience misunderstanding the scene, it helps them enter the moment. However, a few noted that audio that changed the meaningfor instance, adding the sound of gunshots to a scenewas regarded as inappropriate. People who love documentaries love Netflix because the streaming . I always decide not to use that moment, said another. For a film involving high school students, filmmaker Stanley Nelson asked which students smoked marijuana. Furthermore, producers, who were held responsible for the standards, are typically forbidden to offer subjects the right of review or to restage events; they are required to ensure that image and sound properly represent reality, and that music and special effects are used sparingly. Those are pretty boring, Woelfel said. Of course, doing your homework and keeping up with current eLearning trends is a must. her less experienced colleague takes 1.6 hours to complete a root canal. However, what I will call the content of a film often contains something further. She pushed for inclusion. A great documentary doesnt give you an answer, Breyer said. In one of the most intense moments of director Joshua Oppenheimers acclaimed film, The Look of Silence, viewers are treated to an unflinching, discomfiting shot that gives the film its title: A former militiaman and mass murderer, now elderly, stares into the camera, his eyes eerily magnified by optometrists testing lenses as he searches, with the audience, for an answer to his horrendous crimes, the silence as penetrating as his gaze. There are some filmmakers who love the down and dirtyI found a fool and I will show them as a fool. This is justified sometimes, but its often abusive of your power., Filmmakers also recognized limits to the obligation to the subject. Steven Ascher said that revealing a subjects weaknesses or positions that the audience is likely to find laughable or repellant can be justified when they are taking advantage of other people or when they are so completely convinced of their own rightness, they would be happy with their portrayal. Filmmakers grounded this permission in two arguments: they wanted to demonstrate a trust relationship with the subject, and they wanted to make a film that was responsible to the subjects perspectives. . While Silence and its companion film, The Act of Killing, are both generally categorized as documentary films (Silence was nominated for an Academy Award in that category earlier this year), Oppenheimer dismisses that label, preferring the term nonfiction film" because he recognizes the cinematic elements of his films that have helped popularize the genre like re-enactments. a dentist can complete a tooth canal in 1.4 hours. Most of those makers had experience both with nonprofit outlets, such as public TV, and with cable or commercial network television. if the cost per dozen eggs rises to $1.80, how much more will the restaurant have to pay for eggs per week, based on the ______________ behavior and _________________ toward service staff exhibited by the job applicant before his interview, the hiring manager decided not to move forward with his application. how many hours will it take to produce 3000 cars? . Its not about 1965, its about the terrible consequences of impunity in the present.. Center for Media & Social ImpactSchool of Communication,American University4400 Massachusetts Ave NW . Filmmakers need to develop a more broadly shared understanding of the nature of their problems and to evolve a common understanding of fair ways to balance their various obligations. The population spanned three generations. Even producers working for large outlets, such as Discovery, National Geographic, and PBS, are typically independent contractors. Filmmakers also face pressure to inflate drama or character conflict and to create drama where no natural drama exists. We have the money. It has no ethics. This survey demonstrated that filmmakers generally are acutely aware of moral dimensions of their craft, and of the economic and social pressures that affect them. So we got one. In both cases, militating against what filmmakers might prefer personally to do was the obligation to complete a compelling and honest documentary story within budget. It spoke to the possibilities as well. . Institutional standards and practices remain proprietary to the companies for which the filmmakers may be working and do not always reflect the terms they believe are appropriate to their craft. There is a huge danger that paying for talk will undermine the honesty of the talk, and that it will poison the river for the next filmmaker. Co-director, Center for Media & Social Impact, American University, Peter Jaszi, Notably, this attitude does not extend to celebrities, whom filmmakers found to be aggressive and powerful in controlling their image. Jon Else noted that he once changed a shot that appeared on a TV set inSing Fasterbecause it involved a Major League Baseball game, and he had determined that he could not license the footage. They widely shared the notions of Do no harm and Protect the vulnerable., They usually treated this relationship as less than friendship and more than a professional relationship, and often as one in which the subject could make significant demands on the filmmaker. Experts say that its no coincidence that documentary films are enjoying boosted popularity at a time when trust in the media is at an all-time low. Any documentary code of ethics that has credibility for a field with a wide range of practices must develop from a shared understanding of values, standards, and practices. We want to have a human relationship with our subjects, said Gordon Quinn, but there are boundaries that should not be crossed. They eschew conflict of interest. As documentary production becomes more generalized, and as public affairs become ever more participatory, the question of what ethical norms exist and can be shared is increasingly important. Gordon Quinn recalled, I made a film in the 70s about an 11-year -old girl growing up. So there is a more profound relationship, not a journalistic two or three hours., They were acutely aware of the power they have over their subjects. by what amount will the value of the stock need to go up from there in order that the price of the stock will be equal to what the investor first paid for it, David C. Lay, Judi J. McDonald, Steven R. Lay, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, Arthur David Snider, Edward B. Saff, R. Kent Nagle. March of the Penguins March of the Penguins Official Trailer #1 - (2005) HD Watch on Not only was March of the Penguins a legitimate cultural. Taped confessions? The Times described the documentary not only as focusing on women in politics, but more specifically on women of color, their communities, and the significant changes they have wrought upon America. A substantial minority of filmmakers argued that they would never allow a subject to see the film until it was finished. The process of film editingcollapsing actual time into screen time while shaping a film storyinvolves choices that filmmakers often consider in ethical terms. They believe that their viewers are dependent on their ethical choices. Perhaps because the terms of these releases were not their own, filmmakers often provided more leeway to their subjects than the strict terms provided in them. This movie does not, however, intend to be a documentary about Presley's drug usage. I am keenly aware of the hypocrisy of asking someone for access that I myself would probably not grant. They let you be there as their life unfolds, said Steven Ascher, and that carries with it a responsibility to try to anticipate how the audience will see them, and at times to protect them when necessary., I often think, Let me be this person watching the film. Would they hate me? "Zappa" gives its subject his well-earned due within the rock firmament. In one case, a subject who had signed a release asked Stanley Nelson not to use an interview. In journalistic practice, payment is usually forbidden for fear of tainting the information garnered. The second time, he was crying, I was crying, we were all crying. Blackfish is what Dixon considers an advocacy film," even though the film spurred change that journalism may not, because of ethical considerations, have been able to achieve. . I made the decision, let them break it. . As one said, I dont want to make films where people feel like they are being trashed . Documentary filmmakers identified themselves as creative artists for whom ethical behavior is at the core of their projects. . But part of this subject matter is the graphic depiction of the attitude of the youths as they beat the man; they are represented as enjoying their act of brutality. subject matter. On June 30, Netflix debuted its latest big-ticket true-crime documentary, Sophie: A Murder in West Cork, a three-part deep dive into . . First and foremost the kids education is at stake. Wanda Bershen is a consultant on fundraising, festivals and distribution. The larger truth is that this conversation is going to happen in this city, at some point, and so it doesnt matter that it doesnt happen at this moment. The core data was gathered in long-form, hour-long interviews, grounded in open-ended questions, conducted usually by phone. This filmmaker decided to take the story out altogether: the harm that we could potentially do overwhelmed our [broadcasting rights] . To look at a homicide that happened seven years ago, and look at who did itits good entertainment. What hes done isnt quite documentary filmmaking, but it certainly isnt fiction either, Slate Magazine film critic Dana Stevens wrote of Oppenheimers work. They were minors, and might have problems with their families or with the law. Another director cited a situation where one high school kid would lift a girl and put her head-first in a trashcan after the teacher had left. Some of these outlets may ask filmmakers to observe standards and practices, and/or ethics codes derived from print journalism and broadcast news and developed in conjunction with journalism programs in higher education. Entire Agreement. This report reveals profound ethical conflicts informing the daily work of documentarians. One filmmaker recalled omitting a section on request. A more extended and vigorous conversation is needed in order to cultivate such understanding in this field of creative practice. I was making a film about someone who was not loved . Its a powerful story, and its important plot-wise. within last week 6 students have dropped out of the basketball team and 2 students have dropped out of the debate tryouts. The whale is the subject of the 2013 documentary Blackfish., Director Gabriele Cowperthwaite, right, watches as footage is filmed for her 2013 documentary Blackfish.. what percentage of the remaining students are trying out of the basketball team, raul is half the age of his brother and 60% younger than his sister. This higher truth or a sociological truth inadvertently invoked documentary pioneer John Griersons description of documentary as a creative treatment of actuality. Grierson used this flexible term to permit a wide range of actions and approaches ranging from re-enactment to highly selective storytellingindeed, even outright government propaganda. The trend towards faster and cheaper documentaries and the assembly line nature of work has proven challenging to filmmakers understanding of their obligations to subjects in particular. I wanted to learn more about why she did the awful things . The filmmaker whose subjects were financially strapped did not talk about money in initial conversations, but a year later, when he was still filming, he offered his subjects a $5,000 honorarium. In that part, friendship wasnt helpful in making the film, even though it is during the production phase., Filmmakers accepted significant manipulation of the situation in filming without regarding it as a betrayal of viewer expectations. What is the difference? A cable TV producer argued that the ethical thing to do would be to pay subjects. if both individuals start working at the same time, and each works 56 hours completing tooth canals over the course of one month, how many tooth canals will they have completed, taking issue with media reports, the president_____ that she had no plans to step down and ____________ claims that her office was guilty of corruption. The question of whether to pay subjects was of great concern to filmmakers. In one example, interviews were given and releases were signed on condition that they garble their voice and obscure their face . The movie's lesson is brutal, sad, and inescapable: Elvis Presley was a man who gave joy to a great many people but felt very little of his own, because he became addicted and stayed addicted until the day it killed him. Stanley Nelson said, People have to know and feel its a recreation. Is the filmmaker the center of this film? I at this point had a hobby of buying super 8 films at a flea market, found some home movies from the 50s of a family, it worked perfectly, a kid his age, house, it was perfect. I can convince you that a lot of films are truthful., While news outlets appeal to different and distinct audiences based on interest and political persuasion, Cross says documentary films are thriving precisely because they dont try to settle on whats true., Theres this idea that somehow, I have to be a trained reporter to dispense the news, Cross said. Angela says that (7c2d+12cd2+3)+(5c2d2cd28)=22c2d25\left(7 c^{2} d+12 c d^{2}+3\right)+\left(5 c^{2} d-2 c d^{2}-8\right)= 22 c^{2} d^{2}-5(7c2d+12cd2+3)+(5c2d2cd28)=22c2d25. it would have been a betrayal to not listen to her. Ross Kaufman noted that the subjects disagreed with the coda at the end of one of his films, saying that it did not ring true to them . Filmmakers were acutely aware of the implications of telling a story one way rather than another. It eats me up every day. The problem is, its not hard to convince people something is truthful. In one case, for instance, a filmmaker was on location shooting a wildlife film, trying to capture one animal hunting another: We tried to shoot a few, and missed both of them. . After discussion with his team and with professional historians, he decided for the atypical shot, because it communicated his point (that Long used bodyguards) more rapidly. a bartenders monthly pay consist of $2,400 base salary plus 10% in tips aon average for all drinks sold. The minute you start to pick and choose facts, youre making fiction. Who is correct? if both individuals start working at the same time and each spends 70 hours completing inspections over the course of a month, how many total inspections will they have completed? . I insisted that they show me the cut and when I saw that they were implying that the girl had had an abortion, I said, You have to change that. Pat Aufderheide, in one month a farmer produces 1200 pounds of potatoes in the following mont the amount of potatoes it produces increases by 15 over the previous month how many potatoes does it produce in the second month? smallest value. That kind of authenticity shook the tree of trust.. The trouble is, most viewers dont know the difference. At its face value, colorblindness seems like a good thingreally taking MLK seriously on his call to judge people on the content of their character rather than the color of their skin. Clockwise from top left: Casting JonBenet; Homecoming, Dirty Money, They'll Love Me When I'm Dead; Miss Americana; Jim & Andy. Filmmakers expected to shift allegiances from subject to viewer in the course of the film, in order to complete the project. [You have to be] obsessively careful. Most kept filming and postponed the decision of whether or not to use the footage. 25\ m ^ { 2 } } \end{array}\quad \begin{array} { l } {C. 10 \sqrt { 3 }\ m ^ { 2 } } \\ {D. 5 \sqrt { 3 }\ m ^ { 2 } } \end{array} They spoke of making a fair film and a truthful film, not necessarily one that would, for instance, make their subjects happy or their networks richer. In this case, they worked for a good-faith relationship that would not put their subjects at risk or cause them to be worse off than they were before the relationship began. Jump cuts might be more honest about the rearranging going on but might be unwatchable. Documentary filmmakers typically are small business owners, selling their work to a range of distributors, mostly in television. He is still in contact with his characters, but he admitted they felt betrayed by [him] in some way. They had expected the filmmaker to protect them by not including comments they made and remembered making. In 2021 yet. Dialogue editing and reaction shots are necessary tools of documentary, and while sometimes manipulative, often fall under Picassos idea of art as the lie that makes us realize the truth. Filmmakers were asked to speak about their own experiences, focusing on the recent past, rather than generalizing about the field. "But we dont know what a balanced media diet looks like.. Hopefully you do it in a way that ultimately, with the finished product that I had a clear conscience. They didnt demand it, but they were right. . Steven Ascher said: You could argue that cutaways in a scene filmed with one camera are a distortionyou cut from a person talking to a reaction shot, condensing or reshuffling dialogue before you cut back to the person. What I think makes a documentary is attempting to tell a story in a way that helps, but it doesnt always adhere to the rules of journalism, Cross said. Julie Ha and Eugene Yi's involving documentary covers a U.S. wrongful conviction case that ultimately helped improve cultural and judicial sensitivities. It made the film better. Documentary films are becoming more popular but are they fact or fiction? The interview pool consisted of 41 directors or producer-directors who had released at least two productions at a national level and who have authorial control. Their comments can be grouped into three conflicting sets of responsibilities: to their subjects, their viewers, and their own artistic vision and production exigencies. Their goal was to tell the story honestly, to try to keep as emotionally truthful as possible. They strove to represent the truth of who [the subjects] are or of what the story is. the perilous cliff filled the hiker with___________________, but her companions urged her to _______________ her fear, upon entering the ________________ home, police officers were disgusted to see its rundown state, a group of numbers has an average of 11. the first three numbers are 16, 3, 10 what is the other number, an investor purchases shares in a company for $20 share. But the emotion-first approach can be problematic, Dixon said, when the line between documentary film and what he calls advocacy films is blurred based on what a filmmaker chooses to include or emphasize. office printer uses an average of 33.5 pages every hour if the printer is only used while the office is open, and the office is open for 50 hours each week, how many pages will the printer need over the course of 8 weeks. When were children, we have teachers and parents who tell us that if we eat nothing but candy, well die," Woelfel said. Accompanying the represented sub-ject matter is the film's attitude toward its . Observational Documentaries Observational documentaries aim to observe the world around them. Documentary filmmakers, whether they were producing histories for public television, nature programs for cable, or independent political documentaries, found themselves facing not only economic pressure but also close scrutiny for the ethics of their practices. If its nonfiction, I need strong evidence to prove he can.. The interview team consisted of Center for Social Media fellow and filmmaker Mridu Chandra and American University School of Communication MFA graduate student Maura Ugarte. A documentary is something that intends to be truthful, said Richard Breyer, Syracuse University director of documentary film and history. He said, Its a rotten thing to have done journalistically. Viewers are also reticent to call Oppenheimer's work pure documentary, given how Oppenheimer utilizes certain cinematic techniques. One said, That is part of how you generate revenue as a filmmaker . The awareness of a power differential also leads filmmakers sometimes to volunteer to share decision-making power with some subjects. But Im reconsidering, after seeing the good sense of Errol Morris paying his subjects inStandard Operating Procedure. Why? You use [the photo] with the knowledge that ultimately its not important if its your guy or not, whats important is the story. Another recalled: [One subject] talks about his childhood, his family all died . If Americans substitute documentary film for hard news reports and daily journalism, it could have major implications for journalism and for how Americans view the world around them. a home goods stores sells 385 lamps in the month of July. We are a respected educational program provider, [and] we would have looked bad, disgraced by it., Filmmakers expected to get to truth via the vehicle of a story and held themselves responsible for its implications. . Advertisement. It shocks us with that quaking moment of recognition, Oppenheimer said. Documentary films have risen significantly in popularity since the turn of the century, increasing from less than 5 percent of all movie releases to 18 percent as of 2012, according to the media analysis nonprofit group the Harmony Institute. A story of loving impossible loves and the torture of self-discovery in a world of demagogues and uncompromising hate, it has a tragic immediacy that makes it as contemporary as ever. . Filmmakers identified challenges in two kinds of relationships that raised ethical questions: with subjects and with viewers. Its not meant to be consumed the day its produced.. Gallup reports that just 40 percent of Americans trust media outlets to report the news fully, accurately and fairly. Amid dwindling trust in the press, documentaries with strong, emotional points of view can feel more authentic by comparison. . I want to always be able to send the DVD to them. Another explained, You owe them always having in your mind the power you have as a filmmaker, presenting them to millions of people. Most subjects signed releases allowing the makers complete editorial control and ownership of the footage for every use early on during the production process. Filmmakers felt frustrated that stations did not always honor the agreements they had made with their subjects. She has organized programs with the Human Rights Film Festival, Brooklyn Museum and Film Society of Lincoln Center and currently teaches arts management at CUNY Baruch. [Our broadcaster] asked if it was real. a bookstore has a sale where all hardcore books are sold at a discount of 40%. Following is further discussion of ways in which ethical questions about relationships with subjects surfaced in interviews. But I feel like its important to get the big-picture truth of the situation on camera. A.253m2B.25m2C.103m2D.53m2\begin{array} { l } {A. I usually say no, its a conflict of interest, but sometimes you really want someone to do the interview. Another thought it was more a matter of cultural norms. In thinking about their subjects, filmmakers typically described a relationship in which the filmmaker had more social and sometimes economic power than the subject. And you want to be honorable. In the edit room . Documentary clients have included Sonia, Power Trip, Afghan Women, Trembling Before G*D and Blacks & Jews. how many employees both work with customers and work in the warehouse, in an upcoming election 75% of the landlocked voters will vote for candidate A, while the rest will vote for candidate B; 20% of coastal voters will vote for candidate A while the rest will vote candidate B. which of the following represents the lowes percentage from all voters combined (landlocked and coastal) that must be landlocked (not coastal) in orderer candidate A to win, the graph show the number of book a book store sold per month. And Im not sure thats a bad thing.. Their communities are far-flung, virtual, and sporadically rallied at film festivals and on listservs. It has no ethical or redemptive value . One director recalled, I knew personal information about one of the [subjects] that I thought would make the film richer, but she was confiding to me in person, not as a filmmaker . . Is somebody on the soundtrack telling you what to think? inaccurately, for mood or tone, . Click hereto view or download a PDF of this report. 1, 3, 7, 13, 21, ? Filmmakers were drawn into criticism of their peers, while lacking common standards of reference.